Uterus (Womb) Conditions – Symptoms, Causes, Tests & Treatment

The uterus, commonly known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. It plays a vital role in menstruation, pregnancy, implantation of the embryo, fetal development, and childbirth.

Layers of the Uterus

• Endometrium – Inner lining (sheds during periods)
• Myometrium – Thick muscular middle layer (contracts during labor)
• Perimetrium – Outer protective covering

Any disease affecting the uterus can lead to abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility, pregnancy complications, and even cancer. Early diagnosis helps preserve fertility and prevents life-threatening complications.

Below are the major uterine disorders explained in detail:

1. Uterine Fibroids (Leiomyoma / Myoma)

What are Uterine Fibroids?

Fibroids are non-cancerous growths arising from the uterine muscle layer (myometrium). They can grow:

• Inside the uterine wall (Intramural)
• Inside the cavity (Submucosal)
• On the outer surface (Subserosal)

They may range from very small to large masses that visibly increase abdominal size.

Symptoms

• Heavy and prolonged periods
• Passing large blood clots
• Severe menstrual cramps
• Pelvic pressure or heaviness
• Frequent urination
• Constipation
• Pain during intercourse
• Difficulty conceiving
• Repeated miscarriages
• Swollen abdomen

Causes & Risk Factors

• Estrogen & progesterone hormone stimulation
• Family history
• Obesity
• Early periods
• Delayed pregnancy

Diagnosis

• Pelvic ultrasound
• MRI scan
• Blood tests for anemia
• Hysteroscopy

Treatment

• Medicines for bleeding & pain
• Hormonal therapy
• Myomectomy (fibroid removal surgery)
• Laparoscopic fibroid surgery
• Hysterectomy (when childbearing is complete)

2. Adenomyosis

What is Adenomyosis?

A painful condition where the uterine lining grows into the uterine muscle, making the uterus bulky and tender.

Symptoms

• Very painful periods
• Excessive bleeding
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Pain during intercourse
• Weakness due to blood loss

Diagnosis

• Pelvic ultrasound
• MRI scan (gold standard)

Treatment

• Pain relief medicines
• Hormonal therapy
• Hormonal IUD
• Hysterectomy for severe cases

3. Endometriosis (Uterine-Related)

What is Endometriosis?

Growth of uterine-like tissue outside the uterus, commonly on:

• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Pelvic ligaments

Symptoms

• Severe period pain
• Pain during intercourse
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Infertility
• Heavy bleeding

Treatment

• Hormonal therapy
• Laparoscopic endometriosis surgery
• Fertility treatment if required

4. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)

What is AUB?

Any bleeding that is:

• Too heavy
• Too frequent
• Between periods
• After menopause

Common Causes

• Fibroids
• Adenomyosis
• Hormonal imbalance
• Endometrial thickening
• Thyroid disorders
• Uterine cancer

Tests

• Pelvic ultrasound
• Hormone profile
• Endometrial biopsy
• Hysteroscopy

Treatment

• Medicines
• Hormone therapy
• Minimally invasive procedures
• Hysterectomy (if required)

5. Uterine Infections (Endometritis)

What is Endometritis?

Infection of the uterine lining occurring after:

• Delivery
• Abortion
• IUD insertion
• Pelvic procedures

Symptoms

• Fever
• Lower abdominal pain
• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
• Heavy bleeding
• Weakness

Treatment

• Strong antibiotics
• IV treatment for severe infection
• Hospital supportive care

6. Endometrial Hyperplasia (Thickened Uterine Lining)

What is it?

Excessive growth of the uterine lining due to hormonal imbalance, which may turn into cancer if untreated.

Symptoms

• Irregular periods
• Heavy bleeding
• Post-menopausal bleeding

Diagnosis

• Endometrial biopsy
• Ultrasound scan

Treatment

• Progesterone hormone therapy
• Regular biopsy monitoring
• Hysterectomy in advanced cases

7. Uterine Prolapse (Womb Descent)

What is Uterine Prolapse?

Weak pelvic muscles cause the uterus to slip downward into the vagina.

Causes

• Multiple normal deliveries
• Heavy lifting
• Menopause
• Obesity

Symptoms

• Feeling of something coming out
• Back pain
• Urine leakage
• Difficulty walking

Treatment

• Pelvic floor exercises
• Pessary ring
• Surgical repair

8. Uterine Cancer (Endometrial Cancer)

What is Uterine Cancer?

Cancer that develops from the inner lining of the uterus.

Risk Factors

• Obesity
• Diabetes
• PCOS
• Late menopause
• Hormonal imbalance

Symptoms

• Bleeding after menopause
• Heavy bleeding
• Pelvic pain
• Weight loss

Treatment

• Hysterectomy (uterus removal)
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted cancer therapy

Tests for Uterine Diseases

• Pelvic Ultrasound
• MRI Scan
• Pap Smear
• Hysteroscopy
• Endometrial Biopsy
• Blood Tests (Hemoglobin, Hormones, Thyroid)

When Should You Consult a Gynaecologist Immediately?

• Heavy or irregular periods
• Bleeding after menopause
• Severe pelvic pain
• Difficulty in conceiving
• Repeated miscarriages
• Pain during intercourse
• Swelling in lower abdomen

Early Detection Can:

✅ Save the uterus ✅ Prevent cancer ✅ Protect fertility ✅ Avoid major surgery

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